George Orwell s Animal Farm - 1463 Words

The Narrator claims,â€Å"In past years Mr. Jones, although a hard master, had been a capable farmer, but of late he had fallen on evil days†(Orwell 38). In Animal Farm, George Orwell describes life for the animals on a farm in the English countryside during the mid to early 20th century before, during and after a revolution against their master, Mr.Jones. Orwell does this to represent the Russian revolution and describe to people throughout the free world how leaders in both capitalist and communist societies oppress the working class. As a result Orwell s tone throughout the novel is concerned. Tsar Nicholas II led Russia into failure in the Russo-Japanese war as well as World War I and allowed the shootings of over one thousand protesters†¦show more content†¦I don t know how to talk with the ministers. Help me. Who to trust?(:: WARCHRON :: The Great War - Eastern Front). Next, After the tsar was coronated 700,000 assembled in the capital to eat and celebrate but t here was a stampede and 2000 people ended up dying. In addition, The tsar attended a ball the next night which gave:†...the impression that they had a distinct lack of concern for their subjects†(Ipatiev House - Romanov Memorial - Historical Context). Later from 1904-1905 the tsar sought to expand Russian interests and industrialize throughout Asia and into Manchuria and Korea. However, the Japanese also held interests in that area and repeatedly offered to negotiate with the tsar. Since the Russians had a larger military, the tsar believed that Russia would be able to defeat the Japan. However the Japanese had superior military technology and managed to defeat the Russians. In the end, Russia ended up worse off having to surrender Port Arthur to the Japanese which was considered a huge loss because of its strategic military location as a result the tsars popularity started to dwindle. In fact:†Prices of essential goods increased so quickly that real wages declined by 20 per cent†(Tsar Nicholas II). Father Georgi Gapon sought to alleviate this and on Bloody Sunday 110,000 workers protested in St.Petersburg:â€Å"...for a reduction in the working day to eight hours, an increase in wages, an improvement in working conditions and an end to the

Essay on The Scarlet Letter - 553 Words

The Scarlet Letter is a story that illustrates the lifestyle of Puritans in Massachusetts in 17th century. Nathaniel Hawthorne takes the theme of sin committed by Hester Prynne prior to her affair with Arthur Dimmesdale and shows how it affects the lives of the people involved. Convicted of adultery by Bostons Puritan leaders, she is forced to wear a bright red A as a symbol of adultery over her breast to represent her wrongdoing to the townspeople. As a result of this sin a child is born, named Pearl. Dimmesdale feels his guilt in the shared sin, but he is unable to reveal the truth. However, the society punishes him as well. The society in which he lived suggested him the moral values that become the law of his inner self. Having†¦show more content†¦The governor, judges, priests view the issue of Hester Prynne as a cause to threaten all potential sinners in town. So, she is led through the crowd to the scaffold of the pillory that represents a symbol of public shame. The crowds of people approve the severity and strictness of the authorities; moreover, one of the women affirms that Hester deserves the death. Nevertheless, the society is also sinful. The magic scarlet sign helps Hester discover sinners from the crowd. gt; Consequently, Hester Prynne is isolated from society. She considers her exile as the greatest tragedy. However, Hawthorne demonstrates how suffering and loneliness harden her will. Instead of escaping from society, Hester helps and makes good to the people who punished her severely. gt; In The Scarlet Letter; Hawthorne uses symbols to supply the meaning of his work. The example of this is the symbol of the forest. It plays an important role in the book. Hawthorn mentions very often that the forest knows a hidden secret. That induces the reader to suppose that the Hesters sin is committed there. She and Arthur feel themselves comfortable and totally free as they are walking in the forest because the laws of society have no force there. That is the place where they can flee from society and show their love, but the most important is that they can reveal the truth to each other, not embarrassing of who theyShow MoreRelatedThe Scarlet Letter1659 Words   |  7 PagesThe Scarlet Letter The Scarlet Letter is a well known novel written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. The novel is composed and written in Salem and Concord, as well as Boston, Massachusetts in the late 1840s. The narrator of the novel is in an omniscent state, meaning he knows more about the characters than the characters know about themselves. Although the narrartor is omniscent, he also makes sure to include his ideas and opinions on situations, making him also greatly subjective. Being subjectiveRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter1456 Words   |  6 Pagesa Christ figure in The Scarlet Letter. She displays self-sacrifice, saintlike features, and exemplifies some biblical teachings throughout the book. The first, which is self-sacrifice, is shown when Hester is standing on the scaffold in front of the whole town and will not uncover the other participant in the adultery. Reverend Wilson questions her of this man that helped commit this crime, â€Å"Speak out thy name! That, and thy repentance, may ava il to take the scarlet letter off thy breast† (60), withRead More The Scarlet Letter801 Words   |  4 PagesThe aspect of Nature in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter seems to have been characterized to readers with a mixed blessing. In other words, Nature shows its power to both heal as well as harm various characters throughout the text. The Scarlet Letter highlights Natures complexity by showing that the Puritan idea of Nature as an entirely evil force is a naive misconception. The text reveals the beneficial attributes of Nature that the Puritans overlook or fear. Conversely, the text showsRead MoreScarlet Letter. The Scarlet Letter Has Five Scenes And1290 Words   |  6 PagesScarlet Letter The scarlet letter has five scenes and without them the story would not make any sense. All of the scenes either shed light on Hester situation in the puritan colony, they tell about the malice in Chillingworth s heart, or the sorrow and forgiveness of Dimmesdale. The first scene with Hester s punishment. The second scene is about Chillingworth s plan that finally turns his heart to stone. The third scene when the reader learns about the connections Hester, Dimmesdale, and ChillingworthRead MoreSymbolism Of The Scarlet Letter753 Words   |  4 PagesThe Scarlet Letter: Symbolism of the Scarlet ‘A’ Symbolism has many different meanings, and the Scarlet ‘A’ in â€Å"The Scarlet Letter† has many different meanings as well. Hester Prynne is the main character who is forced to wear the scarlet letter as remembrance for the crime and the sin that she has committed. This letter completely ruined her reputation in her community. How could a small piece of fabric do so much harm? This letter was a representation of something much greater than the letter ‘A’Read MoreSymbols In The Scarlet Letter1023 Words   |  5 PagesKaci Peeler Ms. Ortiz, Period 4 English Language and Composition AP 06 June 2017 The Scarlet Letter Analysis In the book, â€Å"The Scarlet Letter,† by Nathaniel Hawthorne, many symbols can be found. Hawthorne uses symbols such as the scarlet letter itself, which could represent things like determination, hard work, and a punishment. Another symbol he uses is the forest and the wilderness, which represents Hester and Pearl’s freedom from society as they explore the forest. The last symbol that seemedRead MoreSummary Of The Scarlet Letter 1436 Words   |  6 PagesThe Scarlet Letter Journal 1 I empathize most with Reverend Dimmesdale. He had to live with the secret of his sin for many years. He also was a reverend and had to preach about sins every Sunday and so was reminded constantly of what he did. In fact he felt so guilty about receiving no punishment while Hester was cursed with the letter that he â€Å"inflicted a hideous torture on himself† by carving the letter A into his own chest (Hawthorne 176). He has also had to endure much from Roger ChillingsworthRead MoreEssay on Scarlet Letter618 Words   |  3 PagesScarlet Letter The Puritan Beliefs As Told Through The Scarlet Letter Nathaniel Hawthorne was not a Puritan. But Hawthrone’s forefathers were Puritans, so he had an understanding of their belief system and their basis behind it. He stated that he hoped the sins of his forefathers had been forgiven. Hoping to expose those ideas which he understood, yet despised, Hawthorne purposely presented many important Puritan beliefs as import aspects to the Scarlet Letter. In the Scarlet Letter, HawthorneRead MoreFeminism in the Scarlet Letter1297 Words   |  6 Pagesto establish the whole relation between man and woman on a surer ground of mutual happiness† (ch.24).The definition of feminism would be women are inherently equal to men and deserve equal rights and opportunities. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s, The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne is the key example for feminism in the novel. In Puritan times, women were thought of as lesser than men. Women’s purposes were to raise children and give them good morals and values. Women did not h ave jobs; they wore the plainestRead MoreSummary Of The Scarlet Letter 935 Words   |  4 PagesThe Scarlet Letter is about a woman, Hester Prynne, who has had an affair with a man who she would not name. During the affair Hester became pregnant, so the affair became known to the town. She had the child but would still not reveal who the father was she was then forced to wear a red A representing adulterer on her chest for the rest of her life. The movie Easy A is about Olive Pendergast is an average high school student who is not one of the super-popular girls, but not a loser either

Ah Xian Free Essays

Ah Xian (1960-) Throughout April 1989, large numbers of students gathered in Tian’anmen Square, in front of the Forbidden Palace in the centre of Beijing in China. They were demonstrating against political corruption and economic instability. As the crowds continued to grow, so did the displeasure of the government of the People’s Republic of China. We will write a custom essay sample on Ah Xian or any similar topic only for you Order Now By the beginning of June, armed soldiers were sent in to suppress the protest. This they did, violently, leaving between 400 and 7000 people dead (because of the lack of freedom of the press in China at the time figures are very unreliable). Ah Xian (pronounced `ar see-arn’) had friends who were jailed because of their involvement in the protests. The following year he sought political asylum in Australia. He has lived in Sydney since then, working in both Australia and China. His work can be seen as an attempt to reconcile his past and present lives; it is a visual bridge between the east (his homeland of China) and the west (Australia, where he lives). His sculptures present a contrast between the three-dimensional busts that belong to the western portrait tradition and the two-dimensional surface which is painted with traditional, symbolic and decorative Chinese patterns. In 1997, in his backyard studio, Ah Xian began to make porcelain busts on plaster casts he made over the figures of friends and family. He then glazed these busts with traditional hand-painted Chinese designs. Since 1999 he has collaborated with Chinese artisans in Jingdezhen (the historical centre of China’s fine porcelain production), who paint the traditional designs that he selects after research in pattern books. He used their expertise to decorate the three-dimensional works of the human figure in his series called China China. Ah Xian China China Bust 1999 The eyes of Ah Xian’s figures are always closed. The faces are still and silent and wear no expression. In many ways figures such as Dr John Yu AC (right) remind us of the western tradition of portrait busts begun by the Romans. We see the same head and shoulder view in the two portrait busts in the first century CE Roman sculpture in Figure 1. 48. Dr John Yu is a Sydney paediatrician (doctor who treats children). He was born in China but has lived in Australia since he was 3 years old. The inclusion of colourful children climbing on the sculpture follows the Chinese tradition of placing small children’s figures around images of the Laughing Buddha and Guanyin (the god of compassion and mercy) and creates a contrast to the simple undecorated figure. They also symbolise John Yu’s work with sick children. Ah Xian creating the mould on Dr Yu’s face In the works of Ah Xian’s China China-Bust series, such as China China-Bust (Right), the bust is covered in oriental decorative motifs such as those used for centuries on traditional Chinese vases, plates and bowls. Each bust uses a different pattern, most of which are symbolic. They are all intricate and include real and mythical creatures, such as the dragon and the phoenix, flowers such as the peony and the lotus, and traditional landscapes. These patterns cover the whole background of the face and figure and, like a tattoo, can be seen as a permanent mark left by culture and tradition. Sometimes the designs follow the contours of the head, sometimes they contradict them. Since 2000 Ah Xian has also worked in other traditional Chinese craft techniques such as cloisonne (pronounced `klwa zo nay’), lacquer work and jade carving. Human human-lotus, cloisonne figure 1 (Fig. 4. 72) is a life-size figure of a woman made from sections of copper sheet that have been panelbeaten by hand and covered in intricate cloisonne patterns of lotus flowers and lily pads. In 2001, in a workshop in Hebei province outside Beijing, Ah Man worked in the 700-year-old technique of cloisonne, which was applied to a full body cast. The lotus pattern covering the form symbolises peace, happiness and spiritual unfolding. How to cite Ah Xian, Essay examples

Cloning and stem cell research Essay Example For Students

Cloning and stem cell research Essay Cory King ENG 120 Sec. 02 Spring 2002 March 15, 2002 Cloning, and Stem Cell Research Technology has advanced a great deal within the past few years. We have learned so much information about animals genes and what can be done with them. However, with this new information brings new questions and arguments. So far, scientists have successfully cloned a sheep, a monkey, a bull, and are working on an endangered breed of ox, of course cloning animals and conducting research on those animals does not concern many people. When people begin discussing Cloning and stem cell research Essay heads turn because it is such a controversial issue. Is it morally right to destroy a life so that maybe someday others could live? According to an article in People Weekly the theory is that embryonic stem cells could replace any damaged or diseased tissue, curing diseases like Alzheimers, Parkinsons, and diabetes. Sounds like a winning plan to the uneducated hear. The problem that arises with this theory is that scientists must destroy human embryos to make the cells. Michael West, the chief executive of Advanced Cell Technology a Worcester, Massachusetts based company where a majority of their cells come from embryos left over from In Vitro Fertilization. In Vitro Fertilization, is a process where the sperm from a male and an egg from a female are fertilized outside of the human body in a laboratory. When scientists perform this procedure generally the scientists will extract more than one embryo from the female to ensure that at least one will be fertilized. The rest of the cells are then extra and are not needed. West and other scientists at Advanced Cell Technology have proposed producing stem cells from cloned embryos. This may lead to treatments in which damaged tissue is replaced with what are essentially the patients own cells. West also explains that unlike other types of cells, embryonic stem cells can probably reproduce forever. These cells will grow for researchers until the last researcher on the Earth, ads West (Herper). When asked in a CNN.com chat room, When do scientists consider an embryo a life? Dr. Jeffrey Kahn the Director of the Center for Bioethics at the University of Minnesota responded with this. It depends on the scientist, but you would get views ranging from at conception to at birth. Many people consider the stage of embryos we are talking about to be pre-embryos since they are so early in their development. Some scientists believe that there are many advantages in allowing human cloning to proceed. Dr. Richard Seed, an advocate for human cloning suggests that some day it may be possible to reverse the aging process from what could be learned through cloning. Scientists also believe that they might be able to help heart attack victims by cloning the persons healthy heart cells and injecting them into the areas of their heart that were damaged from the heart attack. Through cloning, infertile couples could also be able to have children. It is a fact that the average person carries eight defective genes in them. These genes cause people to become sick when they would otherwise be healthy, through human cloning technology it may be possible to guarantee that the average person may no longer suffer from our defective genes. Scientists hope that one-day we may also be able to clone livers and kidneys for transplant patience. One of the first benefits expected from cloning technology is scientists should be able to clone bone marrow for children and adults who suffer from leukemia. Cancer may no longer be a problem if scientist learn how to switch cells on and off through cloning. Cloning could even benefit the fashion world, by providing an alternative to silicone breast implants as well as other cosmetic procedures that may cause immune diseases. Cloning would allow doctors to manufacture bone, fat, connective tissue, or cartilage that is an exact match of the patients. Which would help people who have been deformed or have had a limb amputated due to accidents to have their features repaired with safer technologies. Confucianism Essay These are just a few of the advantages cloning technology can help mankind, and why many scientists are against .

John Coltrane Essays - John Coltrane, Miles Davis,

John Coltrane Jazz, taking its roots in African American folk music, has evolved, metamorphosed, and transposed itself over the last century to become a truly American art form. More than any other type of music, it places special emphasis on innovative individual interpretation. Instead of relying on a written score, the musician improvises. For each specific period or style through which jazz has gone through over the past seventy years, there is almost always a single person who can be credited with the evolution of that sound. From Thelonius Monk, and his bebop, to Miles Davis' cool jazz, from Dizzy Gillespie's big band to John Coltrane's free jazz; America's music has been developed, and refined countless times through individual experimentation and innovation. One of the most influential musicians in the development of modern jazz is John Coltrane. In this paper, I examine the way in which Coltrane's musical innovations were related to the music of the jazz greats of his era and to the tribulations and tragedies of his life. John William Coltrane was born in Hamlet, North Carolina, on September 23, 1926. Two months later, his family moved to High Point, North Carolina, where he lived in a fairly well-to-do part of town. He grew up in a typical southern black family, deeply religious, and steeped in tradition. Both of his parents were musicians, his father played the violin and ukulele, and his mother was a member of the church choir. For several years, young Coltrane played the clarinet, however with mild interest. It was only after he heard the great alto saxophonist Johnny Hodges playing with the Duke Ellington band on the radio, that he became passionate about music. He dropped the clarinet and took up the alto saxophone, soon becoming very accomplished. When Coltrane was thirteen, he experienced several tragedies that would leave a lasting impression on him and would have a great impact on the music of his later years. Within a year, his father, his uncle, and his minister all died. He lost every important male influence in his life. After graduating from high school in High Point, he moved to Philadelphia in 1943, where he lived in a small one-room apartment and worked as a laborer in a sugar-refinery. For a year, Coltrane attended Ornstein School of Music. Then in 1945, he was drafted into the Navy and sent to Hawaii where he was assigned to play clarinet in a band called the Melody Makers. Upon his return from Hawaii a year later, Coltrane launched his music career. "With all those years of constant practice in High Point behind him, possessing a powerful inner strength from being raised in a deeply religious family, and with a foundation in musical theory and an innate curiosity about life, Coltrane was well prepared to seriously enter a battle." In the late nineteen forties, Coltrane began playing with several different R&B groups in small bars and clubs around Philadelphia. It became a tradition in many of the clubs at this time for musicians to "walk the bar" (i.e. to walk on top of the bar while playing one's instrument). Coltrane was ashamed of having to go through this "display" every night. "To any serious musician, it was an incredibly humiliating experience - to someone like Coltrane, who was developing a type of religious fervor for his music, it was devastating." In addition to the negative self-image this experience engendered, critics criticized his music as being too bizarre. Coltrane became very depressed, and searching for a way out, he turned to heroin. Heroin was a very popular drug among black musicians in the forties. It was a uniting force that, initially, brought them together, but in the end caused lives and careers to disintegrate. In 1949, Dizzy Gillespie invited Coltrane to play in his big band. Gillespie had been a very influential and important figure in the bebop movement. Bebop was a style of jazz, popular during the late thirties and forties. It incorporated faster tempos, and more complex phrases than the jazz of earlier years. For the first time in many years, Coltrane felt some sense of stability in his life. However, after a two-year stint with Gillespie, Coltrane was asked to leave because of his unreliability due to his heroin addiction. Again, Coltrane was reduced to"walking the bar", and playing in seedy clubs. Depressed and dejected, his addiction grew. It was during this time that Coltrane became very interested in eastern philosophies. "When he was not studying or playing he spent most of his time reading and

Was Catiline a terrorist essays

Was Catiline a terrorist essays What exactly is a terrorist? If it is one who instills fear in others, then one can say that our professors are terrorists. In order to be begotten with this title, the fear one instills must be accompanied by violent action against civilians or rape and murder, or kidnapping and murder for his own political purposes. Cicero, then, would define Catiline, with all his plotting against the senate, as a terrorist. The corruption of youth, the desire for murder, the raping and pillaging associated with his character, and the plans to violently attack the senate and kill all the consuls for his own political gain, make Catiline a terrorist. At the start of his first speech, Cicero compares Catilines plotting to the actions of other contemporaries crimes. In section 3 of this speech, (an vero... sua occidit. In Cat. I.1.3) Cicero insists that, if Tiberius Grachus was killed for treasonous activity (by slightly undermining the Constitution) by a private citizen, why is the senate still tolerating Catiline, who wants to destroy the whole world with fire? If Gaius Servilius Ahala was killed for plotting a revolution, then Catiline could be view as the same type of enemy to the state, for his plotting. But what of the actual actions that Catiline committed? What crimes did he commit that would have defined him as such a monster and terrorist? According to Cicero, there is not one positive thing that he did do. He openly attacked the entire republic, and brought forth destruction and ruin for the temples of the gods and the houses of the city and the lives of all the citizens. According to Cicero, Catiline alone was responsible for the downfall of all of Italy. (nunc iam... et vastitatem vocas. In Cat. I.V.12) This attack on the innocent citizens and civilians is what makes Catiline a terrorist. Cicero also claims that for many years, there has not been a single crime committed that Catiline wasnt responsibl...

'He will come again to judge the living and the dead' Why is this Essay

'He will come again to judge the living and the dead' Why is this statement in the Niceness Creed, how is it relevant and how do - Essay Example These verses that are relatively confusing about the issue include Gen 37:35, Job 7:9 and Psalms 6:6; the verses present death as the movement of a person from the plane of the living to Sheol, and notes that life and God are not remembered at Sheol (Wright, 2007). This paper will discuss the role of the statement among the creeds, its relevance and its function in today’s Christian faith. Discussion These persistent questions are answered through the Nicene Creed, which became one of the strongholds of Christian faith and the foundation of many religious groups. The better answers to the questions emerged during the 2nd century, following an increase in the belief in the resurrection and the final judgement of the living as well as the dead (Wright, 2007). The basic belief that forms the fundamental principles of many Christian groups traces its roots to the Nicene Creed, which expressly states that the judgement of God will cover both the living as well as the dead. The cree d sets the basis of the belief that the people, who die believing in God, do not lose out on their journey of faith; the believers who die will be resurrected during the judgement day, so that they can receive their reward. Together with believers, the non-believers will also receive their judgement, but will instead be sent to hell fire, where they will receive their reward for their disobedience. The believers of the present-day get the fundamentals for the interpretation of the statement contained in the Nicene Creed from the areas covered by the creed during Jesus’ time. During the time of Jesus, the accounts of the New Testament talk of the divisions that existed in the beliefs of the people of that time, especially the Pharisees and the Sadducees. The divisions in the beliefs developed about the subject are contained in different verses, including Mathew. 22:23, Mark 12: 18 and Acts 23:8 (Williams, 2007). The accounts of the gospels also contain the position of Jesus ab out the issue, where his explanation resolves the questions and the differences in the opinions of the different groups. One of these accounts is the one that talks about the end of the world, where the epistle of Mathew chapter 25 guarantees the judgement of all people – whether living or dead. Through Mathew’s epistle, Jesus explains that during his return in the company of angels, all the people of the world will be lined-up before him, so that he can judge on the ones to be rewarded and those to be sent to eternal destruction (Ashley, 2010). From the discussion contained in the passage, the position of Jesus is explicit that after the death of individuals, God will judge all and distinguish the evil from the good. The stance of Jesus, during the time of the division between the Pharisees and the Sadducees about the future of the living and the dead gives all Christians a solid base for their faith. The basic belief helps Christians to understand the fact that death is not the end of communion between God and his people; death does not separate the sinful from their judgement to eternal death (Ashley, 2010). Additionally, the stance of Jesus offers modern-day Christians the promise they need to keep their faith and observe the good values required from believers; meeting the commands of God about their relationships with others and with God, as well as serving God. The importance of faith in God is emphasized by the ultimate outcome of

The Employees Performance of Their Duties in Macrobox Essay

The Employees Performance of Their Duties in Macrobox - Essay Example Under the foregoing circumstances, the blogger by providing online guidance to direct the computer attack or server intrusion and all those persons who may have conspired and confederated with the blogger may be held liable under the Computer Misuse Act 1990 (CMA) as amended by the Police and Justice Act 2006 (JPA) and Serious Crime Act 2007 (SCA) where the following acts were defined as unlawful or criminal acts—unauthorized access to computer material; unauthorized access with intent to commit a further offence; and unauthorized modification of computer material. Section 1 of the CMA provides that in cases of unauthorized access to computer material a person may be found guilty when (a) he causes a computer to perform any function with intent to secure access to any program or data held in any computer; (b) the access he intends to secure; and (c) he knows at the time when he causes the computer to perform the function that that is the case. This provision was modified by Se ction 35 sub-section (2) of the JPA where the phrases were inserted in sub-section (1) in paragraph a to read â€Å"†¦or to enable any such access to be secured† while in paragraph (b) â€Å"†¦or to enable to be secured† however this amendatory provision was again superseded by Section 61 of the SCA by omitting altogether subsection (2). While Section 2 finds a person guilty under unauthorized access with intent to commit or facilitate the commission of further offences if it is committed with intent (a) to commit an offence to which this section applies; or (b) to facilitate the commission of such an offence.

Assignment Analytical paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Assignment Analytical paper - Essay Example World famous actors and high-paid physicians are not the only ones however who need to be aware of the important issues surrounding the standard of care and the general standard in practice. Nurses must understand the principles of professional nursing practice and ethical and legal implications of the work that they do. Seeking to provide a thorough and comprehensive overview of the implications of not following institutional policy and practice standards, this research paper will identify the principles of professional nursing practice and explain the ramifications of failing to follow this practice by looking at Nurses and Midwives Act 2006 of Western Australia and the Code of Ethics for Nurses in Australia (BBC, 2009). Nurses play an important, yet often neglected role, in sustaining the care of patients. Accordingly, nurses must maintain a high ethical standard in their practice. According to the Nurses and Midwives Act 2006 of Western Australia, there are many penalties for unethical behavior and for not following established protocol and policy standards in the delivery of care. Accordingly, there are financial penalties associated with the contravention of standard nursing practice. Being a registered nurse is a privilege and a status which is achieved after the successful completion of courses, testing and years of hard work. When one practices as a nurse or midwife without the proper certification, the Nurses and Midwives Act 2006 prescribes penalties for such unethical behavior. Thus, someone who practices nursing or midwifery and is not registered to do so faces penalties applicable to section 85(1), (2), (3). Pecuniary in nature, the first offence is penalized at $5,000 with a daily penal ty of $200. Accordingly, for the second and all subsequent offences, they are penalized at $10,000 with a daily penalty of $400. These are significant sums of money which should act as a real deterrent to those without the proper

The Cost Of The War On Drugs Philosophy Essay

The Cost Of The War On Drugs Philosophy Essay The War on Drugs was declared on June 17, 1971 by President Nixon, claiming at a press conference that drugs and their abuse are, public enemy number one in the United States (Frontline). Since that time, the War on Drugs has gone on to become the longest and most costly war in American history (Duke 15). The ever increasing expenditures, perceived infringement of constitutional rights, misinformation campaigns, imprisonments, and the seeming futility of the whole endeavor are leading many to question whether the War on Drugs is justifiable. This war is being waged against a concept and not an enemy, which guarantees unlimited funding and an unlimited time period with which to fight it. Not only is it unethical for the government to specify what chemicals citizens can and cannot place into their own bodies, the massive resources funneled into this futile operation would greatly benefit other areas of human society. 87 million people over the age of twelve have used illegal drugs, making this war on a concept virtually a war against the citizens of the United States (Cole, par. 14). The majority of resources devoted to the war on drugs are for law enforcement purposes, ignoring the underlying problems of addiction within the consumer culture in which we live. In the words of Thomas Jefferson, If people let the government decide what foods they eat and what medicines they take, their bodies will soon be a sorry state as are the souls of those who live under tyranny (Shulgin 28). Jack Cole is a retired New Jersey state police lieutenant who spent nearly fourteen years working as a narcotics officer. Over the course of his career, Jack evolved from a true believer in the War on Drugs into the co-founder of Law Enforcement Against Prohibition or LEAP. LEAP, as the name states, is an organization consisting of former police officers, judges, district attorneys, retired DEA, etc., who lobby for drug legalization (Cole, par. 1). Jack believes the War on Drugs is unjustly destroying millions of Americans lives every year and that the war itself is primarily responsible for many of the drug and drug related societal problems (par. 2). For example, by declaring certain drugs illegal one creates a black market and artificially inflates the price of these inherently non valuable products. Where there is demand there will be supply, especially for a ridiculous profit margin such as 17,000%, as Jack states (par. 7). These profits fund illegal organizations, such as Al Qaeda and organized crime, as well as contribute to local violence as seen in gang disputes over drug peddling territory (par. 7,20). Mr. Cole cites several compelling statistics. Tobacco kills 430,000 Americans per year, Alcohol 110,000, and all illegal drugs combined kill less than 12,000 people per year (par. 9). The US government spends 69 billion dollars per year in the War on Drugs and arrests 1.6 million on non-violent drug offenses (par. 9). Mr. Cole raises the valid question as to whether these monetary and human expenses are justified in combating illegal drugs while approximately 540,000 deaths are attributed yearly to legal alcohol and tobacco consumption (par. 9). A key question in considering the war on drugs is that of how much freedom an individual should have. John Stuart Mill addressed this question in his seminal work On Liberty. Mill was of the persuasion that the sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to prevent harm to others. His own good, whether physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant (LaFollette 290). By this definition, the notion of victimless crime is moot. With no victim, there is no crime. This is a major point of contention among many because humans do not live their lives in a vacuum, virtually every action affects someone else in some way. Another important aspect to consider is the notion of harm. Who exactly is being harmed by drug use? If it is the drug user that is harmed, according to Mills views we have no right to prevent a rational human being from performing this action, even if the action itself is irrational. If there is sufficient evidence that drug use directly harms others, that is a justifiable reason to prohibit societys actions. Many in favor of prohibition cite many ways in which drug use harms others, such as drug use increases crime, child abuse, spousal neglect, accidents, and non-productiveness. The problem though, is that drug use does not directly cause these harms, rather it increases the risk of these harms. Rape and murder are always wrong because they always harm someone else by definition. Drug use is more slippery, not every user harms others and no user always harms others. We must decide if the likelihood of a few users to sometimes harm others is justifiable reason to ban all drug use. This is much like the decision we have already made concerning the risk of gun ownership. James Q. Wilson is an academic political scientist and President Nixons appointed chairman for the National Advisory Council for Drug Abuse Prevention (NACDAP), the forerunner to the modern DEA. Wilson is a firm supporter of the drug war, arguing that the expenses that would be incurred from legalization far outweigh any expense of the current drug war (297). He claims that the notion of drug use being a victimless crime is absurd, that society is not, nor ever has been, composed of autonomous beings (297). In his view, drug use is wrong because it demoralizes people, is contrary to human goodness, and degrades society as a whole (297). Wilson is combining a form of cost-benefit analysis utilitarianism with his evaluation of the virtues of drug use. A counter to this point of view is seen in the writings of Thomas Szasz, a professor of psychiatry at the State University of New York. Szasz thinks that when the Declaration of Independence states all men, meaning rational adults, are entitled to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, this includes the liberty to self medicate with drugs (White 279). His view is reminiscent of Mills statement that Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign (LaFollette 290). The factors of addiction and danger are thought to have no bearing on the argument, that self harm is not a justifiable liberty limiting principle (White 279). Freedom is and always will be more valuable than safety. In the words of Benjamin Franklin, Those who can give up essential liberty to attain a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety (ushistory.org). Speaking of liberty limiting principles, Szasz is speaking from a standpoint of the harm principle, or the idea that law may only rightly restrict an individuals actions if they directly harm another (Mackinnon 233). As mentioned previously, this originated with J.S. Mill. There are other liberty limiting principles to consider though, such as the social harm principle which claims that the law may prevent an individuals actions if they do harm to society itself (234). In a free market society, anything that erodes competition may be justly outlawed. This may partly provide reason for declaring marijuana illegal due to the fact that the top ten drug companies account for more than 50% of Fortune 500 profits and according to Dr. Claudia Jensen, a breast cancer specialist, 80% of prescription drugs could be replaced by cannabis (American Drug War). This would seriously erode the market because cannabis can be grown virtually anywhere as is seen today with its cultivation in areas rangi ng from backyards to bedroom closets. Another way in which drugs may violate the social harm principle is in their alleged degradation of the family. William J. Bennett, a former drug czar under the Bush Sr. administration, states that not only do drugs harm the users, but also hurt parents, they destroy families, they ruin friendships (Bender 52). If family structure is deemed to be an integral part of societal well being, this argument could stand up under the societal harm principle. There is a risk of committing the post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy if sufficient evidence of drug use directly harming the family unit is not produced. Viewing the subject of drugs through a deontological lens produces different ideas altogether on the subject. Firstly, the use of drugs for recreational purposes may very well be breaking Kants imperative not to use oneself as a means to an end. Second, the highest purpose of a human is to be a rational being and anything that impairs this ability must be inherently bad. Intoxication muddies ones ability to consider situations rationally, hampering ones ability to make a proper moral choice. One could also argue that drug use leading to addiction robs an individual of their autonomy, overriding their free will with a drive for consumption at all costs. Also, in relation to Kants maxim of universalizability, one could without contradiction will it to be a universal law that nobody injects heroin. I think this principle becomes a bit less clear when considering substances such as marijuana though. Virtue ethics are most famously associated with Aristotle and provide a refreshing perspective in relation to drug usage and its legislature. By not focusing on the act itself or the assumed consequences of the action, virtue ethics focuses on the character of the agent. Aristotle also does not distinguish between morality and politics because the two are intertwined (Christie 56). Politics are meant to populate society with citizens of good character (56). By employing the golden mean as mentioned in Aristotles Nichomachean Ethics, we can hope to arrive at a balance between two extremes. Additionally, Aristotle also takes into account contextual factors such as our willingness to do the right thing, to the right person, at the right time, and with the right motives. The two poles of our current situation in regard to drug usage are absolute prohibition and complete legalization. The associated virtues of these positions could be conservancy and liberalism. I think a strategy of legalization and control would best fit the situation as a golden mean. Can condoning drug use be a virtue though? It is virtuous to promote virtue and vicious to promote vice. Through prohibition we are greatly contributing to empires built on vice and adding to the already ample surplus of human suffering in the world. Maybe it is not condoning drug use, but having compassion for the suffering of others and seeking to minimize that suffering. In conclusion, after conducting my research I am still of the opinion that the War on Drugs is ethically wrong. I have learned many disturbing things involved with the prohibition of chemical substances. Prisons are being privatized, which is good for expense optimization but creates a profit motive to incarcerate people (American Drug War). Their stock is sold on wall street based on how many people are in jail (American Drug War). Almost half a million people are in prison or jail due to drug offenses (drugwarfacts.org). The private companies can also use inmates as private property to do work or produce goods the company profits from, which sounds a bit like slavery to me (American Drug War). The number of marijuana arrests is greater than the number of arrests for all violent crimes combined, meaning that if it were to be legalized, many powerful organizations would lose a great deal of money (skeptically.org). Many drugs were banned originally due to reasons of racism, empire bu ilding, and fear (Hooked). The CIA is alleged to have started the L.A. crack epidemic of the 1980s to finance Nicaraguan Contra efforts, with fairly compelling evidence (Webb). Money seems to control everything. The Partnership for a Drug Free Americas biggest funders were alcohol and tobacco companies until they were exposed, now they only accept from prescription drug manufacturers (Males par. 9). Marijuana is in the same DEA schedule as heroin, PCP, and methamphetamine, which is asinine (justice.gov). Cocaine is not physically addictive nor is MDMA (Eldredge 13). No one has ever died from a marijuana overdose (23). Alcohol withdrawal is on par with heroin, and both are awful (15). Drugs do not consume people, people consume drugs and sometimes allow them to take over. A peyote cactus, which has existed on this earth far longer than humans, is not an inherently bad thing yet it is a schedule I offense to grow one in your front yard. I do not think that drugs should be sold from vending machines on the street corner, but under prohibition they virtually are, except not from vending machines. By declaring these substances illegal we are ceding any amount of control we might be able to exert over a wide range of powerful and potentially dangerous chemicals. People will consume whether society says they can or not, in ever more innovative and industrious ways. The current era of synthetic drugs capable of being manufactured in a bathroom is due in part to prohibition of less harmful substances. It is cheaper and easier to make your own supply with stuff you bought from Walgreens and Home Depot. Seeking altered states of consciousness seems ingrained in the human ps yche. Our current efforts with this war against drugs have only served to amplify the negative effects drugs have on society. Legalization and control, much like we do with alcohol and tobacco, seems to me to be the golden mean of this situation. I do not think people should use heroin, but I also do not think I have a right to force them not to in the privacy of their own home nor that we are helping anyone by making it illegal. We should stop this madness now, there is an almost infinite variety of substances that exist now or are mere potentialities that will inebriate a human being. We are seeing this across America today with the rise in popularity of incense that has been sprayed with a synthetic cannabinoid agonist and sold for $20 a gram. We are like Don Quixote battling an enemy that does not exist while the real enemy is inside ourselves. If we devoted as many resources as we funnel into the drug war toward education, research, and endeavors to better understand ourselves and the world that surrounds us, society would without a doubt have a better tomorrow.

Essay --

In the beginning of the play, Caliban and Prospero had a relationship similar to that of a father and son. Prospero took care of Caliban, and taught him how to speak. Caliban too, taught Prospero how to live on the island by showing him the places to get food. I feel that in the beginning, Caliban was naà ¯ve and innocent, with no ill intent. He truly felt that Prospero was his father, or a king, and in fact was a king that he loved. For instance, Caliban in Act 1, Scene 2 states â€Å"And then I loved thee.† Their relationship was one of love, and the want to help each other. After Caliban attempted to rape Miranda, Caliban’s and Prospero’s relationship changed drastically. Prospero became extremely hostile to Caliban, and insulted Caliban in their first conversation in the book in Act 1, Scene 2, â€Å"Thou poisonous slave, got by the devil himself. Upon thy wicked dam, come forth!† It is easily seen how their relationship has changed severely since then. Caliban, too, hurled curses at Prospero: As wicked dew as e'er my mother brushed With raven’s feather from unwholesome fen Drop on you both! A southwest blow on ye And blister you all o'er! Certainly, this would not have been the way they would have talked to each other if they had still loved each other. Their relationship was now one of loathe and revolt. Caliban became resentful and grouchy because of Prospero’s rejection of him after what he had done. However, Caliban, being a savage, was probably just heeding nature’s calls. After all, all of nature has a need to procreate, and Caliban was just following his instincts. Furthermore, Miranda was the only girl on the island who was of the right age to procreate, so thus Caliban’s actions were valid, to him at least. In addition, Calib... ...nces whereby Caliban’s actions affected his relationships with others, it was not due to sudden changes in character, but rather, due to the way he was brought up, and the impact of people’s actions on him which led to the final blow. Also, Caliban’s and Prospero’s relationship changed in various ways throughout The Tempest, where at a point it was a relationship of love, and at another time it was one of hatred. However, looking at the text as a whole, the overarching relationship the both had was still one of a master and slave. Even though they had a loving relationship in the beginning of the story, theirs was still one of superiority and inferiority. At the end of the play, their relationship returned to what it was initially. Hence, their relationship did not actually change throughout, but what changed was the way they spoke to each other throughout the play.

Narrative of Fredrick Douglass

The greatest thing about reading Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass is that there are many different and interesting themes to learn from. Throughout Douglass’ story he teaches us many lessons and motifs, but one thing that stays constant is his belief in the fact that all men and women should be created equal, with equal rights without any constraints to his or her own individual freedom.The treatment of Douglass himself and the other slaves he worked with was unbearable and under such horrible circumstances that after reading his autobiography; it really makes me wonder what other types of things other slaves had to endure during their experiences. Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass shows its readers that even though times can get extremely hard, there will still always be hope even when you think there is none. One of the most important ways slaves were kept in bondage was not simply the threat of physical brutality; rather, it was through deep and sustained ignorance.Slaves were not allowed to read and write and were therefore generally not aware of the events outside of the plantation, could not communicate with each other well to provoke rebellion or conduct escape plans, and could not reach the sense of self-sufficiency and pride that came from being educated. Literacy brought with it an understanding of the larger world. It opened up before a slave the idea of justice and an understanding of history. Reading the Bible led to a truer comprehension of Christianity. Douglass was able to first engage with abolitionism when he attained literacy.He also became fully aware of the reality of slavery; he wrote â€Å"[Literacy] had given me a view of my wretched condition, without the remedy. It opened my eyes to the horrible pit, but to no ladder upon which to get out. In moments of agony, I envied my fellow-slaves for their stupidity† (Page 56). Ignorance was thus a way for slaveholders to keep their slaves manageable, happy, calm, and content. Once a slave moved beyond such darkness into a world filled with understanding, he was only able to do what Douglass eventually did – attempt to escape from his ties.While reading Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass it is almost like reading about how white men dehumanized their slaves. The first example of this is shown in Chapter 1 when Douglass’ mother passes away. â€Å"Never having enjoyed, to any considerable extent, her soothing presence, her tender and watchful care, I received the tidings of [my mother’s] death with much the same emotions I should have probably felt at the death of a stranger† (Page 43).This quote explains that Douglass, like many other slaves, never had much of any relationship with their birth mothers. Considering that some slaves are taken away from their birth mothers only a few short years after they are born it is easy to understand why Douglass felt this way. It’s extremely sad to read how a chi ld can feel almost no emotion after hearing of such a tragic loss. I imagine if that were to happen to me and how I would feel and can only feel disheartened by the fact that most slaves never got to have relationships with their mothers.Another example of such degrading behavior by the slaveholders is simply how they scarcely feed their slaves. They expect so much work and cooperation from them and think that any amount of food, big or small, will help them to get their work done. Slaveholders instill in the minds of slaves that being unfed, whipped and called awful names is the best kind of life they will ever have. These were horrible characteristics of slavery but were well depicted by Douglass in his autobiography. According to Nathaniel P.Rogers’ Southern Slavery and Northern Religion: February 11, 1844 (Page 139), it is explained that Douglass arrives to give a speech and to tell his story to an audience who is very apprehensive and uncertain about hearing him speak. H owever, they were very curious to see him. After giving his speech, which was well received by the audience, he was asked more and more questions and they wanted to know more about his life and journey through slavery in general. â€Å"There was great oratory in his speech-but more dignity and earnestness than what we call eloquence.He was not up there as a speaker-performing. He was an insurgent slave taking hold on the right of speech, and charging on his tyrants and bondage of his race† (Page 141). Reading this review makes me really happy to know that while he had an awful time as a slave, escaping and gaining freedom was the best thing that ever happened to him. It is satisfying to read that others can feel for Douglass, though not come close to imagining what he had gone through, but having some sort of sympathy and realization that he and many other slaves are great human beings with inspiring stories to share about he freedom they all deserve. He teaches us that while we all go through horrible things; there is always a silver lining and something to be learned. Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass has really taught me a lot about myself and about a whole other kind of people that I really had no knowledge of. I truly believe that Douglass makes his audiences believe in what stands for; all men and women should be created equal, with equal rights without any constraints to his or her own individual freedom. This autobiography has a lot to teach a person and I would recommend it to anyone.It is thoroughly enjoyable and is the kind of book that makes you look past just the text. It makes you think about your own life, putting it in perspective and realizing what is really important. It is an interesting story that not many have heard themselves and really know little about its topic. I suggest to anyone who wants to read this narrative that they keep an open mind no matter what their previous views, religious or not, are so that they can ful ly understand and accept this person’s journey through slavery.

Multihazard Mitigation Saves Essays

Multihazard Mitigation Saves Essays Multihazard Mitigation Saves Essay Multihazard Mitigation Saves Essay Multihazard Mitigation Saves Name: Institution: Lecturer: Course: Date: Multihazard Mitigation Saves The issue concerned is presented from a report conducted by The National Institute of Building Sciences, through its branch – the Multihazard Mitigation Council. The report itself was aimed at presenting the credibility, authenticity and effectiveness of harnessing future savings from hazard mitigating activities. The Multihazard Mitigation Council, otherwise known as MMC conducted this research in order to quantify forecasted savings from mitigation activities responding to a mandate by an appropriations committee. This particular study was carried out based on work plans in a detailed manner by established and qualified experts. This project was funded by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), though the study itself was conducted independently. The research was carried out to investigate on the on the credibility on the future savings (with regard to losses avoided), from natural calamities such as earthquakes, wind disasters such as tornadoes as well as floods. The project mainly focused on three crucial grant programs on hazard mitigation: project impact, the hazard mitigation grant program and the flood mitigation assistance program. The study also assessed two types of mitigation activities: project mitigations, including physical measures to reduce or to avoid damage from natural calamities, and process mitigations, leading to practices, projects and policies that reduce risk or eliminate loss. This included assessing the vulnerability and material risk, informing the decision makers on the concerned issues, and vouching for employment of reliable building codes. In addition, the study entailed two interrelated models. The first model was employed to calculate an estimate in the forecasted savings hailing from the FEMA mitigation grant expenses. This was enabled by the use of a sample statistic representative from FEMA funded mitigation. The results were to be generalized for the whole population under FEMA’S jurisdiction. The other study component was aimed at studying the projected future savings hailing from mitigation endeavors. This model study was to be conducted through a research on mitigation activities that were FEMA funded. The studies on community were both qualitative and quantitative, examining the organization’s mitigation activities in adequate community samples that could serve the purpose. The research study estimated the effects of grants provided by FEMA on the federal treasury, from the basis of reducing the amount of federal funds that would have been spent when responding to disaster rescues and recovery. The research was able to find that the analysis of the sample FEMA grants awarded on throughout the service would indicate that a single dollar spent on mitigation activities, would go on to save the entire society an average of four dollars. The MMC research found that benefits to the society from FEMA mitigation grants from the study period would eventually yield a discount value of fourteen billion dollars, compared to the three billion values of resources that would be employed in the mitigation programs in hazards that were studied. The research also discovered that funds utilized on reducing risks on natural hazards, is an effective investment. Averagely, on every dollar that FEMA spends on activities to reduce losses from disasters, it consequently provide s the entire nation four-dollar benefits in the future. On my opinion, I do agree with the parties related with the findings of this study. It is proven that mitigation is a cost effective project, which warrants federal funding on a basis that is on going before a disaster strikes and even in the disaster recovery period. Any nation will always be at risk to natural disasters. Hence, it would only be prudent to engage in mitigation investments. Secondly, mitigation is deemed most effective when it is undertaken in a community wide basis, comprehensive and is carried out on a long-term basis. Single oriented projects are also helpful. Nevertheless, engaging in slates of coordinated activities in mitigation over times is the most efficient method. It will most certainly ensure communities’ resilience while coping socially and physically with impacts of future calamities. Therefore, I totally agree with the findings of the study project.

Free Essays on Columbine Motives

Analysis of Motives â€Å"What is involved when we say what people are doing and why they are doing it?† Kenneth Burke in, â€Å"Grammar of Motives† offers us a way to analyze different people or events and why they did it. Through the idea of Pentad we can further analyze things to cover all aspects of it. Pentad includes five principle terms. They are: Act, Scene, Agent, Agency, and Purpose. We can use this to analyze motives behind certain events. The act is what event actually took place. The scene deals with the situation or place where the event occurred. The person or kind of person who performed the act is the agent. Agency is what means or instruments he used. And last but not least is the purpose. In this paper I will discuss different articles that deal with the Columbine scandal and the ways people view this incident through the use of Pentad. Burke argues that each person who looks at a certain way using this pentad will have a different way of looking at it. For example when people look at the Columbine shootings, you can rarely find articles that are similar to each other. Why is that? We were created with our own mind. Not one of us has lived identical lives to anyone else. People Johnson 2 develop views on things throughout a collection of study and experience building inside us so therefore it is all different. Earlier in the year we read a piece from Burke â€Å"Terministic Screens† ; this talked about experiences and how each event or experience in our life that we encounter, we develop a screen in our head. A photographer uses different lenses and not one lens is the same. You could be looking at the exact same thing through that lens but the way you see it in you mind is different. The same thing comes into play here. My pentad for looking at an event is not like anyone other person’s pentad. Another aspect on the pentad deals with ratios. We use ratios to help us analyze articles. So... Free Essays on Columbine Motives Free Essays on Columbine Motives Analysis of Motives â€Å"What is involved when we say what people are doing and why they are doing it?† Kenneth Burke in, â€Å"Grammar of Motives† offers us a way to analyze different people or events and why they did it. Through the idea of Pentad we can further analyze things to cover all aspects of it. Pentad includes five principle terms. They are: Act, Scene, Agent, Agency, and Purpose. We can use this to analyze motives behind certain events. The act is what event actually took place. The scene deals with the situation or place where the event occurred. The person or kind of person who performed the act is the agent. Agency is what means or instruments he used. And last but not least is the purpose. In this paper I will discuss different articles that deal with the Columbine scandal and the ways people view this incident through the use of Pentad. Burke argues that each person who looks at a certain way using this pentad will have a different way of looking at it. For example when people look at the Columbine shootings, you can rarely find articles that are similar to each other. Why is that? We were created with our own mind. Not one of us has lived identical lives to anyone else. People Johnson 2 develop views on things throughout a collection of study and experience building inside us so therefore it is all different. Earlier in the year we read a piece from Burke â€Å"Terministic Screens† ; this talked about experiences and how each event or experience in our life that we encounter, we develop a screen in our head. A photographer uses different lenses and not one lens is the same. You could be looking at the exact same thing through that lens but the way you see it in you mind is different. The same thing comes into play here. My pentad for looking at an event is not like anyone other person’s pentad. Another aspect on the pentad deals with ratios. We use ratios to help us analyze articles. So...

Risk management and international finance Assignment

Risk management and international finance - Assignment Example The main advantages of these methods including variance is that they allow individual forecasting on the default risk conditions that a company may be subjected especially in terms of loan and macro variables (Apel and Jansson, 1999; Pg. 381). The study will also be vital in determining the portfolio credit risk of the selected institutions over time. In addition, the approach and formulae to be applied will be vital in assessing the extent through which new accords may be applied to towards achieving increased credit risk sensitivity within a minimal capital charge (Ganguin and Bilardello, 2005; Pg. 186). Finally, the study will be vital in comparing the current capital requirement of banks under the proposed Basel system thereby comparing the underlying provision with the suitability or applicability of the same to the Marylebone Bank. Banks are usually vital in driving economy especially due to their saving roles as well as providing capital and credit facilities. Nonetheless, other than government regulation and supervision, the deposit capitals usually require a limit risks for the depositors. These limited risks will ensure that systematic and insolvency risks are reduced. Additionally, these regulations and measures are fundamental in providing restrictions on the working and operation of banks (Morris and Morris, 2005; Pg. 79). Therefore, their vital aspects are to control unnecessary capital requirements by restraining credit provision on needless situation or creditors. Moreover, the same regulations and provisions control the level of capital where inadequate capitals are discouraged since they may lead the bank into undesirable systematic risk levels. The Basel Capital accord was adopted in the year 1988 since which in had an international framework and recognition that applies until today. A group of central banks among other national supervisory authorities initiated the accord.

Packing in school Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Packing in school - Research Paper Example The federal government have also implemented reductions in salt and saturated fat, trans fats in addition to the proper portion of lunches for children according to their age. The standards were based on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and developed by the U.S. Departments of Agriculture and Health and Human Services (Mientka, 2013). In 2011, to encourage healthful eating, Chicago schools implemented the media approbation for a long- standing policy that banned homemade lunches. They were allowed only for those children who had any doctor’s notes. The policy was initiated on the basis of observations that stated that students were bringing bottles of soda and bags of hot chips for lunches. A peanut butter has also been banned by schools. However, that aroused mass protests among parents, when schools started bringing in  rules banning nut- free spreads. Schools were defending their decisions by stating that nut- free products looked much like real peanut butter and that stressed out those children with allergies (Eng & Hood, 2011). Critics, however, assume that schools along with the federal government thought of everything, but for the children good. Asserting in schools of such lunch programs was called by the desire to enrich the pockets of corporations. Besides, people stated that that was the perfect demonstration of how the governments one-size-fits-all requirement on nutrition works. However, it failed again, because some parents desired to pack a gluten- free meal for a child and others had no problem with their child to enjoy soda. Lunch policies, whether they are dictated by the desire to form better understanding of how should a child eat every day or they are simply at school’s hand, they do not have to dictate parents how to pack in their kids’ lunches and what to put inside the lunch bag.  Banning of certain products or lunch meals as they are put teaches and government in

Advanced Financial Reporting & Regulation Essay

Advanced Financial Reporting & Regulation - Essay Example However, the proponents of the fair value accounting method argued that this accounting technique was just a messenger and not a major cause or contributor of the subprime mortgage crisis. The paper critically assesses the arguments that have been placed regarding the fair value accounting method being a main reason for the occurrence of the subprime mortgage crisis or the GFC. The idea as to whether the fair value accounting method has actually contributed to the financial crisis or has only played a constrained role in exacerbating the intensity of the financial downturn is evaluated and assessed by taking into consideration the views and arguments presented by different scholars and academicians in their literary works prepared and presented in this topic. The use of empirical evidences and descriptive information are made to analyze and assess the role of the fair value accounting method in the financial crisis. The second part of the report includes a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of the fair value accounting method with the traditional accounting methods like the deprival value method of accounting, historical cost method of accounting and the r eplacement cost method of accounting. The report is concluded with a suitable conclusion in which it is highlighted that the role of the fair value accounting practice is much limited as a major reason for the occurrence of the Global Financial Crisis of 2008. The role of the fair value accounting technique in the financial crisis of 2008 is a controversial and highly debated topic. The fair value accounting method is the generally used accounting standard in the United States of America and has been specified in the FAS 157 in the year 2007. This accounting method includes the terms of accounting in which the different kinds of financial assets like the mortgage backed securities are priced and valued as per the current market value or mark to market value instead

Effects of H-1B Visa Program on Employment and Wage in the United States Essay Example for Free

Effects of H-1B Visa Program on Employment and Wage in the United States Essay The United States is the most powerful country in the world. Its dominant culture, military, and economy make it the most influential nation across the globe. The power of the US doesnt only come from its native citizens but also from the foreigners who come to its shores every day to work and live there. These people play a very significant role in driving the US economy. A number of national programs have been developed in order to influence the influx of these people into the US. One of those programs is called the H-1B visa program. The program, which allows foreigners to work in the US, has critical effects on various sectors of American society, but especially the economy. Based on the data that have been so far collected, it is clear that the H-1B visa program, in terms of employment in the technology sector, is important in maintaining the status of the country as a leader in science and technology. However, the H-1B visa program may also have negative effects on the wage of native citizens because they would have to compete with the low wages of foreign workers. Many companies in the US needed temporary workers, so the H1 category of non-immigrants was created under the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952. Unlike immigrants, non-immigrants only stay in the US temporarily to accomplish a specific purpose, for instance, education or work. The current H1-B visa program of the United States was created through the Immigration Act of 1990 and the amendment of the 1952 act. The result of the amendment was a program that allows an employer to temporarily hire a foreigner to work in the US provided that hes under the category of non-immigrants. Also, the worker must have a specialty occupation or be a fashion model with exceptional ability and merit. The law describes a â€Å"specialty occupation† as something that requires theoretical and practical application of a specialized body of knowledge. The worker must also have a bachelors degree or the equivalent in specialties such as business, biotechnology, education, health care, medicine, and sciences. The H1-B program currently limits the number of foreign nonimmigrant workers in the US to 65,000 per year (Bartik et al. 134). H-1Bs cap has not always remained the same, however. Congress increased it to 115,000 in 1998 for fiscal years 1999 and 2000. Then in 2000, Congress increased it even further to 195,000 for the 2001 fiscal year. It was maintained during 2002 and 2003, and was slashed to 65,000 again from 2004 onward. Not all foreign workers are affected by the cap, however. The H-1B Visa Reform Act of 2004 states that foreign workers employed by institutions of government research organizations, institutions of higher education and NGOs are exempt from the cap. Also, a separate cap of 20,000 exists on petitions that are filed on behalf of foreigners with masters or higher degrees earned in the US (Bartik et al. 135). Recently, lobbyists composed of universities and members of the technology industry are pushing for a huge increase in the annual cap of H-1B visas. They argue that H-1B visas otherwise known as â€Å"guest worker visas† serve a crucial role in driving the economy, especially in the high technology sector. According to them, there is a systemic shortage of American engineers and scientists in the country. There is a very high demand domestically for these highly skilled workers and the small supply cannot fill that gap. The only way to solve this problem therefore is through the import of foreign workers through the H-1B visa program (Hira et al. 150). These lobbyists argue that they will be forced to resort to outsourcing jobs to foreign engineers and scientists in their home countries if the H-1B cap is not increased. They also claim that the visa program actually serves as a tool for the country to gather the best and the brightest highly skilled workers in the world. This is supposedly a result that is to be expected if the cap on the H-1B visa program is increased (Hira et al. 150). There are many evidences for the advantages brought about by hiring foreign workers in the technology sector. For example, a 2008 study by the National Research Council looked at the effects of hiring H-1B workers by large US companies Texas Instruments, Qualcomm, Motorola/Freescale, Intel, and IBM. Of the five companies, IBM employed the most number of H-1B workers, granting almost 4,000 in five years. Most applications in the company stated a range of earnings of about $82,072. This was considerably bigger than the other four companies average minimum earnings. The researchers thought that the applications were for jobs that were not chip-related since IBM had become a software company from a hardware company (National Research Council and National Academy of Engineering 152). It is clear from the example above that foreign workers in the technology sector do indeed get attracted to the United States through H-1B visas. IBM was hiring more foreign workers than anybody else in the group, and these people were earning higher. However, there are still many â€Å"experts† that love to criticize the H-1B visa program. John McCain and Edward Kennedy defended the H-1B visa program in 2006. The two senators supported the immigration bill that passed the Senate and insisted that their bill required employers to search for workers in the US first. However, their bill actually didnt have any of these provisions (Hira et al. 152). Indeed, its a common misconception that the current law instructs US companies to look for workers in the US first. Many government officials also have this incorrect belief. Senator Norman Coleman, for example, says that he supports the issuance of H-1B visas as long as a number of conditions are met. One, the employer must show that there is not enough US workers qualified for the position; two, that the employer has not laid off a US worker 90 days before or after hiring a foreign worker; three, the employer must demonstrate that they tried to hire US workers before foreign workers; and finally, that the recruitment of H-1B workers will not have adverse effects on the waves, working conditions, and job opportunities of US workers. Even then Senator Barack Obama thinks that the H-1B policy aims to exhaust all means of recruiting US workers before foreign workers. He believed that hiring H1-B workers should be a last recourse for American employers (Hira et al. 152). The truth is however, that the provisions mentioned by the two people above actually dont exist for the majority of employers who use the H-1B visa program. Even Obamas wish that employers should hire foreign workers as a last option is not practiced in the real world (Hira et al. 152). Also, according to market indicators, there is not enough evidence of a systemic shortage of resident engineers and scientists in the US, one of the main arguments of lobbyists for the increase in H-1B cap. Also, earnings and wage growth have been moderate and more or less the same as other professions. The unemployment rate, while it sharply increased during the dot-com bubble, has now fallen. Researchers have also supported the idea that there is little evidence of shortage in high technology jobs. Private surveys and public data are also conflicting when it comes to determining shortages. Trade surveys show there are indeed shortages, but public data indicate the opposite (Bartik et al. 137). Determining shortages in scientists and engineers is a real problem because any increase in the number of H-1B visas issued by employers alone is not indicative of a systemic shortage. Other factors contribute to perceived shortages, for example, the growing significance of foreign students in American institutions. These are foreign students who remain in the United States after they graduate to convert their student visa to a working visa. Other equally important factors include: economic growth, cyclical demand in IT industries, especially during the 1990s, and even backlogs in the application process for permanent visa. Employers today are constantly hiring H-1B workers, but that is clearly not enough reason to increase the cap on H-1B visas. Aside from the effects it will have on the wages and earnings of American workers, the increased cap will create some problems in the permanent residency part of immigration because there are already backlogs there (Bartik et al. 137). The influx of H-1B workers into the United States has been going on vigorously since the 1990s. During that time, about 30 million people were able to stay in America through nonimmigrant admissions. The fastest growing nonimmigrant admissions fall under categories where a foreigner first applies as a temporary foreign worker or student. He then tries to find a US sponsor to able to obtain the immigrant visa. Between 1992 and 1998, the number of foreign students admitted into the country with F1 visas rose from 53% to 565,00. The number of trainers and temporary workers also increased from 128% to 372,000 during that period of time (OECD 35).

Adults in Salingers Catcher in the Rye :: essays research papers

The adults that Holden appreciates As a general consensus, children are raised to trust adults. However there are some sinister and eerie adults out there that exploit the childish and test that trust. Children are taught that the principal is their friend and that the police men are there to help. As a child one is taught, protected, and cared for by their parents. As those parents become older, there is a regression where the parent almost becomes the child and the child the parent. In J.D. Salinger?s novel, The Catcher in the Rye, the adults whom Holden Caulfield appreciates are childlike and helpless. While Holden was attending Pencey Prep, he formed a relationship with his history teacher, Old Mr. Spencer. Mr. Spencer was really the only teacher that Holden liked. While Holden was getting ready to go into Mr. Spencer?s bedroom, he said, ?His door was open, but I sort of knocked on it anyway, just to be polite and all.? (7). This showed his respect for Mr. Spencer and his privacy. It also showed that Holden had manners but had enough of a friendship with Old Spencer to talk with him in his own home. However, Holden felt a little uncomfortable with the situation when he actually saw Mr. Spencer, started talking to him, and felt a lecture coming on. Holden often thought about Mr. Spencer. While walking to Mr. Spencer?s room, Holden thought, If you thought about him too much, you wondered what the heck he was still living for?. But if you thought about him just enough and not too much, you could figure it out that he wasn?t doing too bad for himself.? (2-3). Holden saw Mr. Spencer as childlike and helpless which made it easier for him to form a relationship with an adult. Holden also found the same qualities that aloud him to appreciate certain adults in the old Secretary at Phoebe?s school. When Holden was arranging for his note to be passed on to Phoebe, he started talking to the secretary in the office. When the lady said that Pencey was a good school, Holden thought, ?Even if I?d wanted to, I wouldn?t have had the strength to straighten her out. Besides, if she thought Pencey was a good school, let her think it.? (202) Holden didn?t want to correct the old lady and embarrass her. At the same time, Holden thought, ?You hate to tell new stuff to somebody around a hundred years old.

Computers and I :: Personal Narrative Writing

Computers and I Computers are linked to almost every aspect of life. I was shown computer technology back in my early grade school years. Teachers would shuffle a pack of twenty kids at a time into a confined room filled with the new computer technology. The only thing I remember using computers for all through elementary school was to play Oregon Trail, which was like an un-evolved Nintendo game. I didn’t understand why all the adults guarded and respected the computers as if precious materials when all I used them for was to play games. Little did I know that the computer would create an unavoidable effect on my life. As I grew older and wiser I began to understand the practical use of the computer technology. I began typing my reports instead of trying to write them really really neat in pen. The typing and printing technology turned out to work really well for school related purposes; it was much easier and quicker than writing in pen. Computers weren’t foolproof though and I figured that out in high school when I accidentally erased one of my lengthy reports. Luckily I had decided to write my first draft the old fashioned way: with a pencil. Despite the forethought typing a whole report over again was still time consuming and aggravating. There was no way around re-typing my report either; as computers became increasingly available teachers demanded typed papers. Computers had already made changes in the way I spent my time. An aspect of computer technology that I found most amazing was the Internet. In college I began to utilize the Internet for purposes of self-education. The Internet has helped me gather much reference material for my artwork as well as opening me up to the whole world of contemporary art that existed on the Internet. I was exposed to a countless number of artists of whose work I would have never been able to see without the use of Internet. Now when I have a general guestion about a subject I simply look it up on the Internet. I began to realize that the Internet opened up a new world for everyone with access to it. Eventually everyone was using computers and the Internet on a regular basis.

Ethics in Action: Suspected Impairment Essay

Ethics is defined as the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation. For the physical therapy assistant, it means a standardized conduct geared towards proper and successful patient care. The physical therapist assistant follows a certain standard for ethical conduct to effectively aid physical therapists and to be sensitive and efficient health workers. In this situation, we are dealing with the case of a 35 year old stressed-out woman with an odd behavior, who later on presented with slurring of speech. Slurring of speech can be due to many factors but majority of which are associated with cerebrovascular disease or stroke. In this situation, we are going to apply the American Physical Therapy Association Standards of Ethical Conduct for the Physical Therapist Assistant. The seven standards of ethical conduct seem to show us the values of an ideal physical therapy assistant: respect, trustworthiness, competence, compliance to legislations and responsibility. In analyzing this case, we realize various problems. At the start of the session, the patient was behaving oddly. Although she claims to be euphoric, signs of lethargy still seemed apparent. Later on, she succumbs to this lethargy or generalized body malaise by falling asleep on the mat. Later on, she manifests slurring of speech, which may be due to some problems. The most common cause of slurring of speech is stroke. Other factors that may cause this manifestation are electrolyte imbalance caused by strenuous physical activity, side effects of medications or it is simply due to drowsiness. However we see an imminent danger; she lives far from the clinic where you live and wants to drive all by herself—in her condition. We quickly realize a possible outcome—the danger of meeting accidents on the road in her condition. Recognizing our problem, some of our values as physical therapist assistants are challenged. The situation challenges our respect towards our client. Respect is defined as consideration and the avoidance of interfering with or intruding upon. In this case, we are breaching against the right of the patient to make her own decisions. We seem to not respect this right because we want to have things done our own way and not hers. Thus, this situation does not only concern our patient; it also concerns the physical therapy assistant. In this situation, we are having a patient-health care professional relationship. In turn, this situation challenges us to practice the rest of the 7 standards of ethical conduct. This situation motivates us to practice trustworthiness towards our patient. In this sense, we should show our patient how worthy we are of their trust towards us. We should show them that we are concerned about their health and well-being. We should explain to our patient that we think driving in our condition poses a hazard to her and makes her prone to road accidents. By doing this, we should tell her our real intention—that we are just after her health and safety. Standard 6 of American Physical Therapy Association Standards of Ethical Conduct states that a physical therapy assistant shall make judgments that are commensurate with their educational and legal qualifications as a physical therapist assistant. Judgment per se means â€Å"good sense†, discernment, understanding, the act or mental faculty by which man compares ideas and ascertains the relations of terms and propositions. In this situation, we discern that our patient should not continue driving her own car alone. In our understanding, she is not fit to do it and we are subjecting the patient to harm and injury, as she is prone to accidents in her present condition. Also, it is in our discernment that she should go to the nearest hospital to have her neurological status assessed and her health problems addressed properly. By doing these things, we are fulfilling Standard 7, which states that a physical therapist assistant should protect the public and the profession from unethical, incompetent and illegal acts. In addition to the above values, this situation requires moral sensitivity, moral judgment, moral motivation and moral courage. All these individual processes are needed in our situation. Morality means conformation to the principles of good conduct and virtue. By being morally sensitive, we mean that we are easily affected and moved towards betterment and towards good conduct. In our case, we are moved towards helping our patient and towards helping her attain good health and well being. We are moved towards preventing her from being alone, and we are moved towards accompanying her to the nearest medical hospital so that proper medical attention shall be given. Moral judgment means discernment towards the good of the patient. We discern what is best of her. We anticipate the accidents she will be at risk of and the many problems that may be etiologies of her neurological deficit. Motivation is defined as a process which incites to action and the determination of the choice or movement of will. In that case, moral motivation is also applicable in this situation. We are moved towards helping our patient; our action is for her good health and safety. Moral change is also needed in our situation. It is the process of encountering danger and difficulties with firmness and with intrepidity, for a good and noble cause. We have the courage to act for the well-being of our patient and we go beyond our duties to ensure her safety. This situation does not only involve the physical therapy assistant and the patient, it also involves the family members. In this case, it is proper that we talk to the other family members about the patient’s condition. It is essential to differentiate four terms in this context: the terms problem, dilemma, distress and temptation. A problem is defined as a question proposed for solution, decision or determination; a knotty point requiring clarification. A dilemma means a situation requiring a choice between equally objectionable alternatives; a problem that seems incapable of being resolved satisfactorily. Distress means extreme pain, anguish of the body or mind; that which causes suffering, affliction, calamity, adversity, misery and calamity. The term temptation means an enticement to an act which is evil, immoral or unwise. Yes, our situation is a problem by itself; it needed immediate solution and decision. It is also a dilemma because it poses a choice—whether to let the patient do what she wants or to accompany her to the nearest hospital beyond our duty hours. Our situation is not necessarily a distress but is a prelude to suffering, injury and misery. Certainly, this is not a temptation per se but temptation lurks for every health care professional who counts his or her duty days and does not extend his or her duty in terms of danger or calamity. The dictum for every health care professional is: Love your work. Temptation to do things our way and to be selfish and insensitive to the needs of our patients is a barrier to every health care professional. There are some health care professionals who punch in at 8 AM and go home at 5PM, regardless of what happens to their patients. These are the type of health care professionals who think of their jobs as routine and who takes these jobs as just a job for financial security, but is not their career. A career is something a person puts his or her heart into. As health care professionals, we must think of caring for patients as a career, not as a routine job. This problem, obviously, is not treated with silence. It entices action of the health care professional who cares deeply for his or her patients. In this sense, the situation requires a moral action, brought about by moral sensitivity, judgment, motivation and courage.

Economics Simulation Essays

Economics Simulation Essays Economics Simulation Paper Economics Simulation Paper In today’s work world it is makeup of diverse individuals which strives towards a successful outcome. However, working for a small or large company, individuals are looking forward to meeting the needs of the organization. In order to meet the needs of the organization, employees are to be in rivalry with hourly and salary wages. In additions to the hourly and salary wages, individuals are often attracted by organization benefits which usually consist of employee searching for discounts in 401k retirement plans and cheaper life insurance. The attractions to employees are health care insurance benefits, which usually includes comprehensive medical, dental and vision plans for individuals and their family members. Therefore, health care is considered a goods and service which has a high demand in the economics refer to consumers making rational choices to maximize utility, the intentions of this paper is to clarify the beneficial health care plans offered to Castor Collins Health as a group resulting from the Simulation review. In this selections which are chosen will clarify the Maximized profits and minimized risks from the reasons for choosing certain planning. Organizations are requiring health care benefits which are important to employees. It is beneficial to both employers and employees if any accidents, injury, burglary, or fire. It maintains the employee status for the organization. Economics play an immense role in selecting the correct health care plans which the organization ensure the plans offered accommodate their needs, meeting the standard which is requirements, and are cost-efficient. Corporate owners recognize the importance of developing a plan with the health care insurance provider which can maximize profits and minimize risks for the organization. The HMO’s is known as Health Maintenance Organizations, which preferred as a health plan used by different organizations. Castor Collins Health has chosen a representative for the company, to address the status which was selection against the other. In, 1999 Castor Collins was founded as a health plan as a regional HMO in the state of Pantome. The health insurance and health care services which are provided to over 100, 000 enrollees through its statewide network which consists of physicians and hospitals, which utilizes a capitation model to pay its network of health care providers. The company is not satisfied with the current number of enrollees and is looking to increase its numbers significantly. The Vice President and Strategy and Financial Planner at Castor Collins, goals are to come up with some type of beneficial health insurance plan to meet the growing needs of the organization. The organization was approached by two groups of individuals which providing health insurance. However, between the groups there are a difference in employees by 600 people and a maximum premium willing to pay by five hundred dollars. Both groups do not have employer insurance; however, they both must pay for their own insurance. â€Å"The group ConstructIt consists of 550 men and 450 women between the ages of 26 through 42 years. About 60 percent of the group is married† (University of Phoenix, 2013); therefore, the spouse and children of the employees must be considered when making a decision. â€Å"Thirty two percent of the individuals at ConstructIt have a work profile which consist of great physical activity, twenty five percent consist of moderate physical activity, and the remaining forty three percent is highly involved in sedentary activities† (University of Phoenix, 2013). Because the health care market is complex due to uncertainty on the supply and demand side, moral hazard, and adverse selection, the process of decision making for selecting proper health plans are more complex. The plans offered to Castor Collins Health are significant; however, only one can be chosen. Option one, Castor Standard does not cover pre-existing and option two, Castor Enhanced does cover pre-existing medical conditions. Castor Enhanced Minor is a third option which is customized. Therefore, about 38% of the employees are not a major risk for the organization. However, 18% of the employees smoke cigarettes and 13% suffer from respiratory illness. Although, obesity is a risk factor for the organization which about 39% of the employees suffer from obesity and are considered a risk for other illnesses which is connection to obesity. The simulation shows ConstructIt to have less medical issues with their employees than E-Editor as a low rationale for pre-existing conditions; however, the Castor Standard plan appears to be beneficial since it does not cover pre-existing medical conditions for the organizations. Order to charges the premium the Annual Earnings is $3428 for ConstructIt, which is much less than E-Editors. This risk is lower for providing this plan and unfortunately the returns are as well. It seemed to be a better option for the employees. Therefore, no plans were selected for the other group because the rates would have been immerses higher because the employees had more issues and conditions. The premiums would have been immerses higher and they would be more reluctant to pay them. Therefore, in the health care industry it is very demanding; however, it is often difficult to meet the needs of each individual when providing benefits in the workplace. Healthy employees bring success to the workplace. If employees can maintain their health on the job, it would be sufficient to provide beneficial insurance packages to each individual and their family members. This simulation helped to enhance the decision making process for a enormous company by determining which insurance plans were appropriate based on the needs of the organization and its employees.

Free Essays on A&P IT System

What problems did A&P have with its business? A&P was once the most famous supermarket chain in the United States and it had one time the second largest revenue reported followed by General Motors in 1950. However, by 1990, this famous old America supermarket faced depression in its business mainly due to serious competition and its old information system, which could not keep up with new trends of business. Strong competitors such as Safeway, Kroger and Wal-mart have their excellent information system to help their decision makers to manage inventory efficiently and to serve customer better. In the other hand, A&P still had a number of serious problems. â€Å"Its obsolete information technology infrastructure was composed of a complex web of stitched-together old legacy systems. The company was primarily using 12- to 20-year-old software running on two large mainframe computers.† (Laudon, Pg 67). Loli explained, â€Å"We had extremely antiquated systems, from finance to merchandising to store and warehousing sys tems.† (Laudon, Pg 67). Basically, they had outdated software and hardware for current business transaction. According to moor’s law, every 18 month or 2 year, computer speed and capability double. At the same time, we could apply this law and same concept to computer software. Every such amount of time, computer software’s capability and speed also double, because computer hardware and software are designed to cooperate mutually. In fact, there was such a tremendous improvement and development in the software world as well as computer hardware for last few decades. It is needless to say that there was a big change and huge gap between now and twenty years ago. Therefore, A&P would have outdated its software and hardware in the information technology compared to it new competitor such as Wal-mart. It would bring inefficiency in managing inventories and responding with consumer’s demand to A&P. Information ... Free Essays on A&P IT System Free Essays on A&P IT System What problems did A&P have with its business? A&P was once the most famous supermarket chain in the United States and it had one time the second largest revenue reported followed by General Motors in 1950. However, by 1990, this famous old America supermarket faced depression in its business mainly due to serious competition and its old information system, which could not keep up with new trends of business. Strong competitors such as Safeway, Kroger and Wal-mart have their excellent information system to help their decision makers to manage inventory efficiently and to serve customer better. In the other hand, A&P still had a number of serious problems. â€Å"Its obsolete information technology infrastructure was composed of a complex web of stitched-together old legacy systems. The company was primarily using 12- to 20-year-old software running on two large mainframe computers.† (Laudon, Pg 67). Loli explained, â€Å"We had extremely antiquated systems, from finance to merchandising to store and warehousing sy stems.† (Laudon, Pg 67). Basically, they had outdated software and hardware for current business transaction. According to moor’s law, every 18 month or 2 year, computer speed and capability double. At the same time, we could apply this law and same concept to computer software. Every such amount of time, computer software’s capability and speed also double, because computer hardware and software are designed to cooperate mutually. In fact, there was such a tremendous improvement and development in the software world as well as computer hardware for last few decades. It is needless to say that there was a big change and huge gap between now and twenty years ago. Therefore, A&P would have outdated its software and hardware in the information technology compared to it new competitor such as Wal-mart. It would bring inefficiency in managing inventories and responding with consumer’s demand to A&P. Information ...